Heating system with energy-independent mode using multiple-layer streams of water

ABSTRACT

A heating system for two, three and four floors of a building, involving the connection of a heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multiple-layer streams of water, for achieving circulation, relating to the field of using thermal energy for heating buildings, using a single boiler. By designing the heating system, it is possible to obtain energy which is in addition to the boiler output, said energy carrying out circulation in the heating system and helping to make possible the feeding of heat carrier liquid, simultaneously: to the first floor, second floor and third floor; basement heating and heated floor circulation are achieved using a reversed flow, which involves: hotter water flowing into the boiler, thus decreasing heating outlays and, as a result, increasing efficiency. The pipes can be installed within walls and floors. Many options are taken into consideration for connecting a heated floor. The present invention is characterized in utilizing the opportunities of “multiple-layer streams of water” and in the entire process, i.e., supply and return, taking place within a single pipe, thus reducing materials costs by half. Within the heating system, the circulating volume of water is changed automatically.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water, to achieve circulation relates to the field of using thermal energy for heating buildings of private residences, detached houses, offices, using a single boiler. The system is a necessity for those buildings without gas and with gas systems as the heating system can operate in the energy-independent mode; its function is based on a kind of the “natural circulation”, however, the circulation occurs due to the difference of the streams in the same pipe, while two main streams are formed in the pipe: supply (hot upper fast stream) and return (colder lower slow stream), as the heat carrier medium circulates in layers, in one direction, the circulating water volume changes automatically, and, accordingly, the heat carrier medium in the heating system is constantly circulating, but in various amounts, and, correspondingly, due to the difference of the fluid flows and the automatic circulation volume, when the boiler is switched on, the heating up to the set temperature is very fast, thus, allowing economic fuel consumption.

We are making use of this unique discovery and have learned to develop the process. Currently, the official science has not studied it yet, but I have discovered the new concept: physical process of warm water flow in layers, capability of water internal energy and physical resistance during the water flow. Due to these new physical processes the heating system can be seen in a new light.

A complete new trend has been developed based on these discoveries, and namely, a large set of new heating systems using a single boiler.

Further in the patent information we describe and prove where the claimed “energy” comes from, as well as describe and prove the “physical process” of warm water flow in pipes and describe what is going on globally in the field of the offered heating system, as we offer the new trend in heating systems and for this reason we say: there was an only trend “with natural circulation” and in short time, as circulation pumps were developed in the West, the heating system assumed new features and was offered by the Western developers as well, being called “Western Technology”.

Currently, the “Western Technology” is the only one that exists, as people would be happy to use a system independent of electricity, but its design is dated and we offer a new system that has a right to exist as well.

As the heated water leaves the boiler, the energy continues to increase by water itself, but the process requires further development.

There are no identical buildings, but there are similar ones.

In this invention, I cannot just reference calculations, made by other scientists in this industry, since all published calculations are performed for another heating system, namely: water is pumped under high pressure (boiler to central heating); while in our case, the circulation is due to the “physical process of water” and even if the pump is connected, it is a “circulation” pump, it builds up no pressure, though the heating system can be under pressure. These are quite different notions: when water is driven with a powerful pump or when the heating system is under pressure.

STATE OF THE ART

The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water to achieve circulation presents a completely new approach to building heating; increase in the efficiency is achieved through the “physical” energy.

What constitutes the invention; having discovered and proved practically and theoretically that the fluid in pipes is flowing in layers: hot water flows at the top with higher velocity, while colder water flows at the bottom with lower velocity. To ensure circulation in the heating system, a physical force is used, as if with the natural circulation, but these are quite different notions, as our heating system is under pressure, because a membrane-type expansion tank is placed near the boiler and, moreover, there is a water column in the filled heating system—water in the pipes is constantly under pressure and the specific weight of water is virtually the same: at the top and at the bottom, as under zero gravity. Thus it is easy to use the physical force that can be obtained by the proper design, and correspondingly, the natural circulation is out of question.

According to the scientific literature: “the hot water from the boiler rises to the uppermost point into the open-type expansion tank connected with the atmosphere. Then, water flows from the uppermost point naturally down into the boiler”. Correspondingly, the heating system offered by us, is under pressure and is not connected with the atmosphere as compared to the heating system with the “natural circulation”.

I apply to patent the first claim: based on the discoveries, the specific system designs for heating various building variants, i.e. the complete new trend that has not been practically applied before and is offered for commission review, the heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water, which is more suitable for private residences and offices. The second claim: “physical properties of water in enclosed space” discovered by me and have not been studied in science yet.

The detailed description is provided in the published patent information. I have been widely using this heating system for more than 20 years. The invention is impossible to be reviewed separately from the new physical process theory presented for commission review that serves as the basis for the invention: water in the pipe flows in layers: “thin trickle of hot water flows at the uppermost part with the highest velocity, which means the hot upper layer of water can reach the boiler several times and heated up, while the middle layer, let alone the lower layer, will reach the boiler only once”.

I have discovered the new concept of the physical process of warm water flow, physical resistance during warm water flow, possible internal water energy. As the water leaves the boiler, the process of energy generation does not end. The heated water, flowing out of the boiler, given certain conditions (the required conditions are described below), generates additional energy within itself, which is generated and simultaneously consumed for building heating. This can be compared to a stone cast into the river. If cast properly, the stone can skip across the water for a long time, but will sink anyway.

Unfortunately, the energy that was generated during the physical process cannot serve as a perpetual-motion machine, but we are able to extend the process.

In the same pipe, the hot water stream and the cold water stream appear; hot water aims upwards, pushing cold water. Our goal is to reduce the resistance as much as possible because it slows down and impedes the circulation and to increase water flows as much as possible in the heating systems. We don't mean the total water mass by “high-speed flow”, but using the “physical process” that drives the water flow. By “resistance removal” we don't mean a mechanical or hydraulic resistance, but the resistance that appears due to the “physical process”. If we are able to assist in developing this process, we will receive an additional energy source that makes the water flow, which causes the circulation in the heating system.

The whole WORLD has arrived at using the pump, while we arrived to “using the energy of water itself” that makes the water flow and, in case of robust design, can replace the circulation pump, and increases the heating system efficiency due to a natural automatic process of heat carrier circulation, so that the fluid, without any mechanical or automated facilities, rushes to move, and the velocity of water flows depends on the flame size in the boiler and on the design, which allows us to use energy (in this case, we consume gas, wood, and diesel in the boiler) sparingly. No man-made automatic equipment can be compared to the automatic circulation process. This is the reason why the same boiler may heat various-sized areas.

The water in the pipe flows in layers, where the hottest layer is constantly rushing upwards, pushing the water that is in front of it and has somewhat cooled down. It is surprising that the water that has risen upwards, makes a loop and returns to the same point, but to the lower layer, as the perpetual motion machine, but a boost is required; the circulation occurs due to this physical process. This is the “energy” that makes the water flow.

This definition is accurate enough to describe how the circulation occurs in the proposed heating system and accurate enough to define the work of the second and third floor. Now I shall try to prove practically that the “physical energy” exists: we consider the “energy-independent heating system” and the 1 liter or so expansion atmospheric-type tank (which was used in villages). According to science, burning the fuel generates energy that pushes the water only in the boiler, under the law of physics water circulates.

So, if there are the smallest resistances in the way and any possible ways for water to flow, the water will flow in the direction of the least resistance. And as we understand, if we have the supply manifold in the middle of the building, i.e. under the floor or above the second floor and there are radiators above this manifold, and furthermore, above it, there is one or more floors with heating radiators, so, does it mean that the water can rise above the supply manifold 11 by 7-8 meters without any pump and what is more—easily and being the hottest water, and further the supply manifold is connected with the return manifold, i.e. with the boiler virtually with the same large diameter? The expansion tank is irrelevant. This can be either the type previously used in villages or state-of-the-art type allowing to maintain the heating system under pressure. As we see, the water in the mounted system can be simply filled, and if under the law of physics, the energy source pushing the water is only the boiler, and our supply manifold 11 is loopback connected with the bottom one, 12, of the large diameter, i.e. with the boiler and located lower, then what is the logical reason for the water to flow upwards, if there are shorter ways? This proves that the energy exists in the heated water outside of the source, which heats water.

Further on I say: “the hot water flows in the pipe in different streams, where the hotter water is at the top and the cold water is at the bottom”. The idea of the water flowing in layers occurred to me virtually in the previous century: for some reason, the gas service used to connect gas to the building in the middle of winter. There were no nonfreezing liquids at the time and so, during the startup of the heating system during the frost, if you had touched the pipe, you could clearly see that hot water was moving in the upper part of the pipe, while in the lower part of the pipe, the water had possibly already froze.

Nowadays, it will be no trouble to check it, as there are instruments that can measure the temperature in the set point to a high accuracy using a laser.

From the above mentioned, it can be concluded that warm water in the pipe flows with different streams, so-called, in heat engineering, “supply” and “return” take place, and further we proved that the higher the temperature of the heated water, the higher energy the water itself possesses until it cools down. We proved practically, using state-of-the-art instruments (no need to look through the old-fashioned textbooks, but trust the instruments), which the water flows in layers and possesses high force and does not transfer into the turbulent condition in the enclosed space. And since a lot of things are going on inside of the pipe (many various streams with various velocities), we have the supply manifold 11, located in the middle of the building and which distributes the energy to all instruments, without any links. Its function is to pass water flow as high as possible through itself, which is called “supply”, and discharge flow as high as possible into the boiler, called “return”. It becomes obvious, that if this is going on in the same pipe, the physical resistance will appear between different streams. By giving up the heat, the radiators cool down the water in the heating system, and, correspondingly, the colder water fills the supply manifold 11 and the return manifold 12, and cold streams may obstruct and kill the circulation, so, our goal is to understand the current physical process and to assist in sending the cold streams into the boiler in order to increase the circulation.

The above mentioned indicates that the designed heating system is an integral body consisting of numerous units, which shall be arranged in the right way. And I also explain what is meant by “this is the energy that may occur under certain conditions”.

Let's establish these certain conditions that are described in details in the “Implementation of the Invention” section. Things are really simple, the circulation pump can be connected and it increases the capabilities of the heating system in complex multi-level buildings (in practice, the owner will seldom switch it on, and the heating system will continue working if electricity is cutoff).

Based on these discoveries, a large set of heating systems, using a single boiler, has been developed.

There are three trends where the heating systems, using a single boiler are presented in in the world:

1. “With natural circulation”—everything is supplied to the attic and then distributed downward in chain order. This pattern is rarely used in practice, the efficiency is very low. Besides, nowadays the buildings are constructed without attics, but with heat-insulated roofs. 2. “Western technology”—due to circulation pumps developed in the West, the heating systems have changed their features and the new trend has been offered by the western developers, called the “Western technology”. This heating system is the most common as of today. The technology has brought circulation pumps and new materials. There was no need to think how to arrange the heating system. It came to the point that each radiator is provided with a pump. This technology has also brought imported boilers: in winter, at low temperatures, the boiler operates at its maximum output. No electricity—no heating. Should the electricity be switched off for a long time, there is no possibility to drain. Material consumption is high. The Western heating technology is irreplaceable in the large areas of 400 sq. m. or more. 3. Our new heating system (we developed this trend as a large set of heating systems 20 years ago and have been applying it in practice since that moment). The proposed heating system with the energy-independent mode can be applied in any region, and especially where no electricity and gas supply is provided, as well as in the regions with gas supply, as in winter there can be problems with electricity supply. The heated area is rather large, about 400 sq. m., this means 4 stories with a heated floor, although we operate 600 sq. m buildings. There is another mode provided for in the proposed heating system: the system can operate with the forced circulation. This is based on the old technology “with natural circulation”. Our heating system differs from the old one: our supply manifold 11 is not in the attic, but under or above the floor of the second floor, i.e. in the middle of the building. We supply simultaneously to the first, second and third floors, so the water reaches the boiler in hotter condition and this means less time is required to heat it. The basement is supplied from the return manifold of the first floor 12. The heated floor is better to be designed without a pump or with an energy-independent mode to make the floor heated and prevent it from hindering the heating system. Besides, the task is to make the heated floor beneficial and increase the circulation of the complete heating system. But at the same time, when electricity is switched off, the heating system of the complete building shall continue working and shall not require any mechanical actions for switching, as in the winter time, we can be out and be unaware of the electricity cutoff. Our design is attractive because the function of the heated floor helps and accelerates the circulation of the complete heating system, despite the fact that the heated floor operates in the forced mode with the pump and the circulation in the building can be in the energy-independent mode, this means the pump can be switched off. It follows from what has been said that the hot water will come to the boiler and this means the costs will be lower. Besides, on the second and third floor, it is necessary to try to develop the physical process, where the energy is simultaneously generated and consumed due to emission of heat. All pipes may be mounted into walls and floors. As well as in the Western technology, we can make the heated floor for the entire first floor and/or basement. To mount four floors, 2 circulation pumps are provided, which would not disturb the natural circulation: the first one, unit 25 (UNK-1-40 and UNK-1-50) is on the boiler, which can provide the circulation in the forced and energy-independent mode automatically, and the second one, unit 24, is in the basement. The customer will be able to learn the capabilities of the heating system, for which variant and weather conditions the pump is required. This is an obvious economy of both the pump life and electricity when the electricity is switched off or not available. No need to wrack your brains, as switching is performed automatically and no expensive equipment is required, such as a generator and automatic equipment, which can start the generator when the homeowner is out.

Another advantage, which yields more opportunities is that one building is provided with two independent heating systems: the upper part, including three floors, and independently functioning basement with various boiler installation options and various options for the heated floor connection. In our new heating system, the volume of the circulating water changes automatically. It can vary from 10 to 80%, so that in the absolutely cold house, during winter, the heating system warms up to hot radiators just for 20-30 minutes and without any pumps.

Options of Heating System Operation

If the house is big and there is no gas connection (it happens often) and electricity is restricted in capacity, the invention helps to survive the cold winter period:

a) The circulation pump in the basement can be switched off and the semi-basement will be almost unheated, which means it will operate lightly and will hardly consume energy. That is the option for the summer, autumn and spring period, and valves can be completely closed in the basement. b) The valves on the radiators of the third floor can be closed and the uppermost floor will not function. c) Any radiators on any floor can be closed, thus, there will be only one or some rooms heated and the winter will be successfully survived. 2) During summer, there is no need to heat the whole building, but the basement (semi-basement) shall be lightly heated even under high heat, otherwise it will grow damp. For this purpose, all valves on the upper floors shall be closed, only the valves in the basement are left open. 3) The heating system operates perfectly for 4 floors with the energy-independent mode, under the light mode of 25-40 degrees at the boiler output. That is the way to operate in the summer, autumn and spring periods. 4) The boiler is equipped with the unit 25 that can automatically provide circulation in the forced or energy-independent mode. This equipment is absolutely necessary when we burn a wood-fired boiler (in case of power failure, when we heated the boiler and our system needs a pump to work), the proposed heating system allows automatic provision of circulation in the energy-independent mode. 5) It is possible to install an electrical boiler, along the wood-fired (gas-fired with imported liquid gas, diesel) boiler. So that during the day, the wood-fired boiler will heat the complete building and in the night, the electrical boiler will partially heat the building. Thus, one building will be equipped with two independent heating systems. 6) The main boiler can be installed in the basement and the electrical boiler—one floor up. In this case, there are two heating systems and you can switch on any boiler that you choose or can switch on two boilers simultaneously.

In the heating system, we use unit 25, UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50. We do not patent this equipment, but we recommend using it, as this can add comfort to our heating system.

The notion of the “one pipe” and “two pipe” heating system with a single boiler does not exist, except for one in the “Western technology”. This wording for the heating system referred originally to multi-storied buildings with the central heating, where the water is driven under high pressure. And the heating system with a single boiler is different, even if the pump is installed, it does not generate any pressure as it is the “circulation” pump. But the complete system is under pressure, and what can we then say about our heating system, if we have everything in the same pipe—“supply” and “return”. And nobody has realized before, that “supply” flows in the upper part of the pipe, and “return”—in the bottom part.

I invented the new heating system twenty years ago. And it was first applied in 1991.

The system has been updated for some time. With the application of this invention, I started to install a single boiler in the house and not two boilers as per technical requirements of the city gas authority. The technical result has been discovered for twenty years of application of the heating system and is confirmed by the published newspapers: “Sovet” No. 17 of 2008, an article by Asya Grinkevich and “Oka-Info” of 21 Feb. 2011, an article by Maksinn Bal. See the photocopies attached to the abstract. As far as I know, our new heating system is the only energy-independent heating system in the world, which can heat quite a large area, without accounting for the old inventions, which became obsolete. Our heating system is general-purpose, and the circulation pump can be connected.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water to achieve circulation presents a completely new approach to building heating for residential houses and offices and is designed for an ordinary person, who constructs a house or a summerhouse. As a rule, the buildings with the area of 120-350 sq. m. are constructed of mansard type (without an attic). It makes no sense to install the “Western technology” heating system for such small areas; the main reason is that there can be electricity failures or accidents. Nowadays, all buildings are equipped with the “Western technology” heating systems. The reason is that the previous heating system “with natural circulation” was designed for one floor only. Today, there are a lot of experts and each of them will do it in their own way, but with a pump or with several pumps. And it goes without saying—no electricity means no heating. This is the “Western technology”. The way out is, of course, to buy a generator, but this means additional costs.

The Advantage of Our New Heating System is as Follows

1. The heating system is equipped with a simple, inexpensive and not widely known unit 25, UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50, which can provide circulation in the forced or energy-independent mode automatically, and the circulation pump 24 is provided for the basement, which allows many modes in the switched on and switched off state. Presented are 14 various options to connect the heated floor in the buildings for two, three, four floors with the heated floor operating in the energy-independent mode or the heated floor, working in its closed loopback with its circulation pump, which helps to increase the circulation in the whole building. 2. The pipes can be mounted into walls and floor. 3. Material costs with our heating system are half as much as compared to the “Western technology”. For reference, the most common for today is the following: the “two pipe heating system” is installed with two pipes: supply and return. And we use the capabilities of the multi-layered water stream—in our system, both supply and return are in the same pipe. The expensive automated equipment is not required as the heating system operates in the natural, physical, automatic mode and is sensitive to the automatic circulation process. Although automatic equipment, used in the “Western technology”, can be installed. 4. The efficiency in our new heating system is significantly higher if compared to existing heating systems. We take the whole building for 100% of the heated area, then the boiler-supplied power will be distributed as follows: 3^(rd) floor—15%, 2^(nd) floor—35%, 1^(st) floor—50%.

The values are so low on the second and third floors because we use the “physical processes” on these floors. Subject to the correct design, the capacity supplied by the pump is lightly consumed. The heating system allows heating the building with the energy-independent mode up to 500 sq. m, but we recommend with the reserve of comfort and capacity up to 400 sq. m.

It is said that if we design with the energy-independent mode, no restrictions exist in the forced mode.

5. Under the “Western technology”, the complete water volume is circulated. In our new heating system, the circulating water volume changes automatically. It may vary from 10% to 80%. It is not hard to understand that if less water is heated, the lower the costs will be for heating. Hence, the additional efficiency.

The received additional efficiency is explained through the physical process of water flow:

A lot was discovered and written in the newspaper “Sovet” of 2008, No. 17: “that water flows in the pipe in layers with the higher velocity at the top and the colder water with the lower velocity flows at the bottom, some water can just stay and, correspondingly, has different temperature in the same pipe at the top as compared to the bottom”.

What is going on with the water after boiler output, how the water actually flows in the pipe:

the water process, i.e. light and heavy streams in the pipe are constantly flowing till they are back into the boiler, and then the process goes on. The water flows in layers, the hot water in the pipe flows in a thin trickle at the very top with the highest velocity, which means that the hot upper water layer may reach the boiler several times, resupplied (heated), while the middle layer, let alone the bottom layer, will reach the boiler only for the first time.

According to the laws of heat engineering, we have supply and return in the same cylinder (pipe). With the connection of several radiators to the same pipe, the retarding moment of the cold water increases. As the water flows with various velocities, the flow of the cold water can develop so high of a resistance that it will throttle the circulation. Our goal is to reduce the resistance as much as possible. Such type of the resistance has not been considered in science and practically it looks as follows:

the radiator releases into the manifold a stream of the colder water again and builds up the resistance, which is much higher than hydraulic and dynamic. Here is the point for the author experience with the long-term practical observations with thorough understanding of the physical process.

Let's consider the way the water works at the boiler output:

If the pipe coming out of the boiler is mounted vertically, the water flows along the walls and the whole main water column inside does not move or moves very slowly. As soon as after 0.5 m or 1 m into the pipe, it is inclined at a 45° angle, then the water stream, which flows, shifts up and we have a difference in temperature between the top and bottom in 10 degrees, regardless whether the temperature at the boiler output is 50-60-70 degrees. Further, the water stream moves to the horizontal plane, to the top manifold and the difference in temperature between top and bottom increases up to 15 degrees. So, as soon as the water reaches the horizontal position, it can work as an additional energy source, approaching the radiator or unit. Under certain conditions, it can work as a mini-pump, as described above in the State of the Art section.

When the water flows horizontally, and as the water flows in various streams, the “supply” and “return” occur in the pipe. It can be concluded from the above, that the water does not circulate in the full volume; i.e. in the filled system of 200 l, for example, a good half of water is rotating, which is about 100 l.

In this case, when we consider the heating system with the energy-independent mode, the result is that depending on the flame size in the boiler, the volume of the circulating fluid changes, as in the automatic mode, but please note that no automated equipment is used: when the boiler is heated, the circulation is low, for example, the system includes 200 l of water, where 10-20 l move in a thin trickle. As the boiler temperature grows, the circulating water volume increases. As the volume, we will consider the water amount that leaves the boiler and returns again. And if the circulation pump is connected, as already stated, that is not the whole water volume that circulates. Besides, we do not have any automated equipment and the heating system operates as if in the automatic mode; depending on the boiler flame size, the system, will choose an optimal way, which water volume to circulate.

Please, consider that the physical work of water is described in an ideal case; it can happen that no result will be achieved. Things depend on the design of the heating system.

If we connect the circulation pump:

1) The complete water volume will circulate, but the more the distance from the pump, the higher the physical work of water. 2) The water will fly through the boiler without any time for heating; the fuel will be over-consumed. No high-duty pump shall be installed or it shall be adjusted to the lowest speed. 3) It is removed—the natural automatic process, where water itself knows how long it shall stay in the boiler and with what speed it shall flow in this area, being highly sensitive to the resistance, and which volume shall leave the boiler and which volume shall circulate in this area.

It is not difficult to realize that with the connected pump, the efficiency will be low. But

I do not reject the usage of the pump in the heating system. Moreover, it is even required under the correct approach.

When designing the heating system we shall try, if possible, to deliberately remove the resistance of “physical” type, without relying upon the pump. If we connect the circulation pump to our developed system, the difference between “supply” and “return” will make up 2-4 degrees. This will be achieved due to very high circulation, where the water will work itself. But this is not always good, as the water shall go through the boiler volume and have enough time to get warm.

SCOPE OF USE

The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water to achieve circulation presents a completely new approach to building heating for residential houses and offices. It can be used to heat any buildings of no more than 400-500 sq. m. with the possible energy-independent mode, but if we consider this heating system in another forced mode (circulation pump installation), then the heated area is not restricted. The electrical boiler of any type is installed, when no gas supply is provided, such buildings in Russia make up 80%. This means that a wood-fired boiler is installed along with the electrical or diesel boiler. In this case, it shall be considered, which heating system to use. The wood-fired boiler is installed for those cases when the electricity is switched off or for the purpose of fuel economy. Try and imagine what will happen, if the wood-fired boiler is heated and the electricity is switched on, and our circulation can work with pumps only. It will explode and in practice such cases are frequent. As well as in the case with gasification—does no electricity mean no heat?

Today, no design institution can provide the design of the energy-independent heating system or system with the energy-independent mode to the designed building or office. For this reason, most design institutions do not draw heating system designs.

Most private residences nowadays are of mansard type, which means the heat-insulated roof and no attic. The global problem is how to provide heating, as it would be desirable to have the heating system independent of electricity because it can be simply unavailable or often fails.

For today, there is no clear and sound understanding of how to arrange heating and how to arrange energy-independent heating. This invention is the only one that solves the problem.

A very sensitive issue for the government structure is that the state cannot prevent flooding of cities and settlements but shall restore them and, under the emergency circumstances, the populated cities have to be completely built anew. I request to propose to Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia my designs of heating systems as further there is no guarantee whether it will be flooded and whether electricity will be provided.

The electrode boiler GALAN is sold in the trade network. This is the largest capacity boiler of all electrical boilers due to super-reactive heating. But the boiler has a bad reputation as it cannot work in the random heating design.

The boiler is installed in such heating systems, where it does not work at all, in particular, in the ‘Western” heating design.

I would like to offer my help to the manufacturer. This boiler can work within my heating design and heat significantly larger area than claimed by the manufacturer.

The boiler shall be sold with the instructions specifying what heating system shall be mounted. In practice the consumer buys the boiler, installs it and then puts on the scrap-heap.

When the consumer buys the building construction design, he/she would like to buy in the design institution the complete package of documents, including the robust heating system design. And there shall be the choice offered, including our variant of the “energy-independent heating system” or “with energy-independent mode”.

Our new heating system matches the Western technology. Many great people do not understand as in the West they have severely continental climate and difference between the day and night makes up to 20 degrees, which is why the Western technology matches up with its intended use, where everything works in the automatic mode (for fuel economy, the required heating time shall be found, mainly, we use the heating system at night). Besides, they have high temperature in the daytime, and freezing temperature at night. In our moderate climate, the temperature varies gradually. It is enough to follow the weather and to adjust manually the temperature on the boiler or to install a thermostat in some room, which will control the boiler temperature. Moreover, the valves on the radiators can be adjusted. It should be kept in mind that in our moderate climate the temperature of minus 30 can last for two-three weeks. The low capacity western technology would not manage it, if, for example, the boiler of 100 kW is installed in the house of 150 sq. m. I have not seen anything like this in my experience.

Sometimes, because of the large number of newly built buildings in the regions that were gasified a long time ago, where the pipelines and the gas distribution station were designed for the original number of buildings, but later new numerous buildings were built for the same pipe, under heavy frost, the gas service cannot supply the required gas pressure, and for this reason the boiler works for 40-50% of its capacity due to insufficient gas pressure. Besides, the western boilers do not operate under low gas pressure. The present heating system allows compensation for these losses and heating the building due to high efficiency. Now the house is built, but is not gasified because of insufficient capacity?

Subject to acknowledgement and wide use of the heating system with the energy-independent mode, the Russian boilers, and especially AOGV-29, will grow in demand.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A—plan of the heating system for two floors with the energy-independent mode

FIG. 1B—plan of the heating system for two floors with the unit that can provide circulation both in the forced and energy-independent modes

FIG. 2A—plan of the heating system for three floors with the energy-independent mode

FIG. 2B—plan of the heating system for three floors with the unit that can provide circulation both in the forced and energy-independent modes

FIG. 3A—plan of the heating system for four floors with a single boiler on the first floor

FIG. 3B—plan of the heating system for four floors with two boilers on the first floor

FIG. 3C—plan of the heating system for four floors with two boilers on different floors—on the first floor and in the basement

FIG. 4A—plan of the heating system for two floors with the heated floor circuit connected to the return manifold

FIG. 4B—plan of the heating system for two floors with connection of the heated floor unit, where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return manifold of the heating system

FIG. 4C—shows the connection of the heated floor unit 34 to the “return collecting manifold” 35

FIG. 5A—plan of the heating system for three floors with the heated floor circuit connected to the return manifold on the first floor

FIG. 5B—plan of the heating system for three floors with the heated floor header on the first floor connected to the return riser from the third floor

FIG. 5C—plan of the heating system for three floors with connection of the heated floor unit where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return line coming down from the third floor

FIG. 5D—plan of the heating system for three floors with connection of the heated floor unit where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return manifold of the heating system

FIG. 6A—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor circuit to the basement manifold

FIG. 6B—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor circuit to the return manifold of the first floor

FIG. 6C—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor header in the basement to the basement manifold and feeding from the return line from the third floor

FIG. 6D—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor header to the return manifold from the return line from the third floor

FIG. 6E—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor unit on the first floor where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return line coming down from the third floor

FIG. 6F—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor unit in the basement where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return line coming down from the third floor

FIG. 6G—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor unit on the first floor where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the return line of the heating system on the first floor

FIG. 6H—plan of the heating system for four floors with connection of the heated floor unit in the basement where the supply and return of the heated floor are fed, to the basement manifold of the heating system in the basement

FIG. 7—shows the connection diagram of the radiator 1 on the second and third floors

FIG. 8—shows the connection diagram of the end radiators 2 and radiators 9

FIG. 9—radiators 5 and 7—this connection is used on the second and third floors, if the manifold is aside from the radiator

FIG. 10—radiators 4 and 10—this is the way to connect radiators which are arranged near the boiler in series with the riser

FIG. 11 shows movement of the water flows on the radiators 2, 3 and 9

FIG. 12 shows connection of the radiators with the bridging—impact upon the physical resistance depends on the way we connect the radiator

FIG. 13 shows connection of the radiators in series with the riser—impact upon the physical resistance depends on the way we connect the radiator

FIG. 14 shows connection of the radiators diagonally—impact upon the physical resistance depends on the way we connect the radiator

FIG. 15—unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50, which can provide the forced and energy-independent circulation under the automatic mode.

FIG. 16 shows the larger plan of the unit—heated floor 32.

FIG. 17 shows the larger plan of the unit—heated floor 34.

1-10—radiators

11—supply manifold

12—return manifold

13—terminal riser on the first floor, where the radiator 2 is connected to it.

14—riser on the first floor, where the radiator 3 is connected to it.

15—riser on the first floor, where the radiator 4 is connected to it.

16—pipe connecting the radiator 2.

17—supply pipe connecting the radiators 5 and 7.

18—return pipe connecting the radiators 5 and 7.

19—supply pipe of the manifold on the third floor.

20—return pipe of the manifold on the third floor.

21—extension tank.

22—main boiler.

23—basement return manifold.

24—circulation pipe in the basement.

25—unit, which can provide the forced and energy-independent circulation under the automatic mode.

26—terminal risers in the basement where the radiators 9 are connected to it.

27—risers in the basement where the radiators 10 are connected to it.

28—supply riser that supplies the supply manifolds 11 from the boiler.

29—electrical boiler

30—heated floor circuit

31—heated floor header

32—heated floor unit, connected as supply and return, without series, to one return pipe coming from the third floor.

33—heated floor circuit.

34—heated floor unit, connected as supply and return, without series, to one pipe to the return manifold and/or basement manifold.

35—return collecting manifold.

EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water to achieve circulation presents a completely new approach to building heating for residential houses and offices.

By designing the heating system, we can achieve additional energy to the boiler capacity. This is the energy that may be generated, provided that certain conditions are established, as the patent information states: to patent various options of the heating system designs presented in the drawings, for two, three, and four floors with the energy-independent mode and submitted are 15 options of the heated floor connection.

With this information, we shall try to explain how to achieve the physical capabilities of water when it flows in a multi-layered stream. The heating system consists of numerous units and if anything is changed or removed, the complete heating system will not work or work worse:

1. The submitted heating system can operate with the energy-independent system; this means the water circulation in the heating system does not need any mechanical force, which is pushed with the pump using the electrical power. For this purpose, to the pipe coming out of the boiler (supply riser 28) we connect unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50), which can provide both forced circulation and operation under the energy-independent mode automatically. The main boiler 22, which we purchase and install, is recommended to be energy-independent, as the automated equipment in the boiler does not require electrical energy; the heating system is multi-purpose.

The electrical boiler 29 can be purchased and/or additionally installed, as electrical boilers can operate with the forced circulation only, some boilers are equipped with the integrated circulation pump or we install an additional pump unit, which is widely known.

The proposed heating system will additionally increase the heated area claimed by the manufacturer of the boiler.

2. We make the supply manifold 11 as low as possible (the boiler needs to spend energy for rising). We mount the supply manifold 11 above the floor of the second floor or conceal into the floor of the second floor, even if there are the third and the fourth floors. We loopback the supply manifold 11 with the riser 13, with the return manifold 12 with the large diameter; practically all options have the 32 diameter. 3. We design the heating system in such a way that we have, at least, two and more loopbacks coming out of the boiler through T-connectors, independent and with their own manifolds: supply manifold 11, riser 13, return manifold 12

-   -   loopback and in our drawing we have two loopbacks. It is very         important to achieve balance, to calculate according to the         physical resistance, otherwise the strong wing will throttle the         weak one; even if the system is equipped with the pump, the         attempt shall be made to keep the balance. This is achieved         through reducing the pipe diameters on the manifolds as compared         to the supply riser 28, which leaves the boiler and is connected         to the manifolds: supply and return 11 and 12; the initial         diameter of the supply manifold 11 and end of the return         manifold 12 depend on the loading level as per physical         resistance of this loopback. With more independent loopbacks,         the length for the water coming out of the boiler is reduced and         we remove the physical resistance to the extent possible.         4. The boiler is connected with the supply manifold 11, supply         riser 28, where we connect unit 25, if required. If we use the         energy-independent boiler, the diameter of the supply riser 28         is known and corresponds to the diameter in the boiler.         Otherwise, we install the energy-dependent boiler, and then the         pipe coming out of and into the boiler has the diameter of 45-57         mm.         5. On the second floor, the supply manifold 11 is installed         above the floor of the second floor or is mounted in the floor         of the second floor, which means that the radiators 1 are higher         than the supply manifold, we connect the radiators 1 to the         supply manifold 11 through the ball valves; supply and return of         the radiator mainly from above as shown in the FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B,         and FIG. 7. The invention involves an integrated approach. In         order to make the radiators 1 work well, as we have the heating         system with the energy-independent mode, it is very important         for us to create and increase circulation on the supply manifold         11, so the efficiency of the heating system, as the primary         value for the whole heating system, will be also increased and         this results in increasing the circulation on the radiator 1 and         5 of the third floor, and the following shall be made on the         radiators of the first floor and basement:         a) upstream of all radiators, we will mandatory install ball         valves. The valves and automatic valves shall not be installed         as these valves are predeterminedly built in with diameter         pressing.         b) the closing radiator 2 on the first floor is tied-in through         the ball valves; the supply and return pipe of the radiator are         connected to the terminal riser 13, not in series with the         riser, as shown in the FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 8, which         diameter almost in all options is 32.

Now I explain the physical process of water flow in such connection (radiator 2) FIG. 8: the water stream flows downwards and is naturally pushed with the water stream from the 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) floors; it is clear that the movement downwards is not natural for the hot water. As soon as the water stream receives the possibility to flow horizontally (with the minimum resistance), the water makes it easily. Originally, the water stream does not move to the resulting bridging as we have tied-in into one-piece riser 12 the radiator 2, FIG. 8 and FIG. 11, and further on there will be as much water as required coming into the radiator and the main water stream will easily flow into the boiler. This unit will operate as if under the automatic mode. Therewith, we will increase circulation on the supply manifold 11 and thus, increase the water stream on the radiators 1. In practice, it looks as follows: as soon as we start the heating system, touch the pipe 16 and the bridging, FIG. 11 and you will feel where the water flows to: the bridging will be cold and the pipe 16—warm. We will give more details about this unit: in the radiator 2 connection point, FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, FIG. 8 and FIG. 11, the supply manifold 11 is loopback connected with the return manifold 12 with rather large diameter and there is no reduction in the point of connection with the radiator. I would like to consider this connection (radiator 2) in the FIG. 11. As mentioned above: “the water flows in different streams; the hotter water flows faster and the colder water may just stay”. FIG. 11 shows that the stream of hot water 1 enters the radiator and the stream 2 may stay or move slowly, but this stream 2 will not enter the radiator; then, at the radiator outlet, stream 3 will meet stream 4 and here some physical resistance will appear. From the above, it can be concluded that the hottest water coming from the top will flow through the radiator, while the colder water will flow through the bridging into the boiler.

c) The next to the last radiators 3 are connected according to the same principle as the radiator 2. We again loopback connect the supply manifold 11 with the return manifold 12, with the riser 14, where we connect the radiator 3 not in the series, but the diameter of the riser 14 is smaller (diameter of 25) as compared to the riser 13. d) We connect the very first radiator from the boiler or two first radiators in series with the riser 15 through the ball valves to the radiator 4 as shown in FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 10. With such connection, the high physical resistance appears, thus the hot water can flow along the supply manifold 11 as far as possible towards the radiator 2.

As all the authors in their publications do not consider and do not know what the physical resistance within the heating system operation is, we shall consider options with various radiator connections as in FIG. 12, FIG. 13 and FIG. 14.

FIG. 12—radiators 2, 3 are connected to the risers 13 and 14, which loopback connect the supply manifold 11 with the return manifold 12 not in series, so that the hottest water coming from the top will flow through the radiator and the colder water will flow along the riser into the boiler. The streams 3 and 4, FIG. 11, will meet and the resistance will be low.

FIG. 13—radiator 4 is tied-in through the ball valves in series with the riser 15. With this connection, the high resistance will be generated as the radiator has a large volume of water. The radiator gives up heat, the water cools down and the layers are constantly rearranging, as the hotter water fills the upper part of the radiator and some pressure shall be applied in order to push the colder water from the radiator into the boiler that results in high physical resistance for the circulation.

FIG. 14—the radiator is connected in series diagonally to the riser or the radiator return line to return manifold diagonally and this results in even higher physical resistance.

We can use this option as well: the cold and hot streams will flow through the radiator, but diagonally, and this will several-fold increase the physical resistance.

It seems to make no difference, in what way the radiator is connected. All the authors in the published books mean that “diagonally is better”. But there is a law in the heating engineering field, and namely, “the radiator temperature depends on the velocity of the fluid being conveyed”, and as a result, this has an impact upon the efficiency of the heating system under low circulation: the top of the radiator is hot and the bottom is cold.

e) As we consider the heating system with the energy-independent system, operating without the circulation pump, it is clear that the terminal radiators will be colder than the first ones. In order to reduce this difference, we shall increase the circulation. The whole world has arrived at using the pump, and we come to removal of the physical resistance and using the energy by water itself, as it is not so high, but still exists. We mandatory make a lot of risers, which feed the radiators on the first floor: from the supply manifold 11, we lay down to the first floor the risers 13, 14, 15, through which we output the cold streams from the second and third floor into the boiler, thus eliminating the physical resistance and increasing the circulation. f) the radiator 5 is connected, if the radiator is located aside of the supply manifold 11 on the second and/or third floor: we connect the supply line 17 and return line 18 through the ball valves mainly from above into the supply manifold 11 at the distance of 5-10 cm from each other, FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 9.

The delicate part of this invention is that we connect the supply pipe 17 and return pipe 18 to the supply manifold 11 strictly from above. The reason is that in the manifold, in the uppermost part, the hottest water flows with the highest velocity and, if we connect on the side, as required by design, due to desire to conceal the pipe, etc., the radiator will not function or will be slightly warm, as we connect to another high-speed flow and use “the multi-layer water streams”, because in the uppermost part, the water flows with the highest velocity and is the hottest.

g) On the second floor the supply manifold 11 can be made ideally even with occasional direction to the radiator for air exhaust. h) On the boiler, i.e. on the supply riser 28, we can install unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50), which can provide forced circulation and operation in the energy-independent mode, in case of electricity failure, automatically, FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.

Third Floor

1. The delicate part of the invention in relation to the third floor connection is as follows: we have the supply manifold 11 above the floor or under the floor of the second floor, and we install and lay up our separate manifold to the third floor with the same diameter—32, without any connections in series (though it is higher, it is not the supply manifold, as the heating system is the integral organism, consisting of numerous units and the function of the supply manifold is to distribute the energy to all units), we run the pipes of supply 19 and return 20, lay under or above the floor of the third floor, which means under the heating radiators on the third floor and again connect to the same supply manifold 11, where we find it easy, then we connect the radiator 6 as described for connecting the radiators 1, and namely, from above to the manifold FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. 2. Building can be various. As a rule, the area of the third floor is less than on the second floor due to the gambrel roof, and it is not always possible to run your own separate manifold along the third floor as shown in the option 1. We propose an interesting option: we connect the pipe 19 to the supply manifold, lay our separate manifold up to the third floor, without connections in series, with the same diameter—32, under or above the floor of the third floor and then connect nearby to the same supply manifold 11 located on the second floor with the pipe 20, depending on the building planning; possible is the minimum distance of 5-10 cm from each other or more. We speak of the possible minimum distance of the supply line 19 from the return line 20. We connect the radiator 7, as described for connecting the radiator 5: FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 9; the radiators 8 are connected in the same way as described for connecting the radiators 1: FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 7.

There can be from 1 to 4 such independent separate manifolds on the third floor.

When laying the pipes 19 and 20 to the third floor, it is important to make small slope in the direction of the radiator or radiators from both sides to exhaust air, and the radiators of the second and third floors are to be mandatory equipped with bleed valves.

On the boiler, i.e. on the supply riser 28, we can install unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50), which can provide both forced circulation and operation in the energy-independent mode automatically, FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

Basement or Semi-Basemen Floor

As all buildings differ in terms of design, we offer three options to connect the semi-basement floor:

FIG. 3A—we run down from the return manifold 12 the risers 26 and 27 to the basement or semi-basement; the diameter is similar to the risers 14 and 15.

The terminal risers 26, which are mostly remote from the boiler, are loopback connected: the return manifold 12 with the basement manifold 23, without connecting in series with the riser 26, we tie-in into the one-piece riser the radiators 9 and connect as we connected the radiators 2 and 3; and the risers 27, which are closer to the boiler, we connect with the radiators 10 in series, similar to the connection of the radiators 4.

All radiators in the basement are connected to the basement manifold 23. The calculation is performed under the same principle as on the first floor—the closer the radiator to the boiler, the higher physical resistance shall be generated in order to reach the warmer, terminal radiators. Further, we tie-in the circulation pump 24 into the basement manifold 23, in order to discharge into the boiler the used water stream from the radiators 9, 10 and basement manifold 23, for which purpose we tie-in the circulation pump 24 into the supply manifold 28 on the first floor, above unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50.

a) With the switched on circulation pump 24, FIG. 3A, unit 25 is also switched on: the used fluid from the basement manifold 23 comes to the supply riser 28 and then to the supply manifold 11, through the risers 13, 14 and 15, to the return manifold 12 and to the boiler 22. b) in case of electricity failure, the pump 24 and the pump in the unit 25 will not function; the heating system in the building will function: the unit 25 will automatically switch to the energy-independent mode due to the water physical process and the whole heating system in the building will operate, the basement will operate, but weakly (the heating system function is described in this information, with the energy-independent mode), if the energy-independent boiler is installed. c) or we ourselves will switch off the circulation pump 24 in the basement and the pump on the unit 25 will continue working; and circulation in the basement will function and it will be just the other way around: from the tie-in of the supply riser 28, through the pump 24, into the basement manifold 23, further through radiators 9 and 10, to the return manifold 12 and to the boiler 22, FIG. 3A. d) If the circulation pump 25, FIG. 3A, is switched off and the circulation pump in the basement 24 will stay switched on, the circulation in the building will be effected due to the water physical process: the used fluid from the basement manifold 23 comes through the pump 24 into the supply manifold 28—circulation in the basement will be more intensive, the only thing is that the pump 24 shall not have too high of a capacity and shall operate at the lowest speed.

FIG. 3B—the same as in the FIG. 3A, but parallel to the main boiler 22 we install the electrical boiler 29: we tie-in the return line of the electrical boiler into the return manifold 12, and the supply line—into the supply manifold 28, above the unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50). As the electrical boiler can operate with the forced circulation only; the electrical boilers can be with the integrated pump or we install an additional pump unit, which is widely known. Advantages of this connection are as follows:

a) When the owners are out, the heating system can be switched to the stand-by mode: to switch off the boiler 22, to switch off the pump on the unit 25, to switch off the pump in the basement 24, and the boiler 29 shall be left switched on. The energy consumption will be low, but the basement will operate—weakly, though enough to support in the winter period. And if we switch on the pump 24, the electricity consumption on the boiler 29 will be higher, as we will heat the complete building. b) Or we use the main boiler 22 during the daytime and the electrical boiler 29 at night. Besides, the night time rate is lower.

FIG. 3C—the electrical boiler 29 is left at the same place, this means on the first floor, and the main boiler 22 and unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50) are replaced to the basement. The return line 22 of the boiler is connected to the basement manifold 23, to the point where the circulation pump 24 was tied-in (the pump 24 is removed from the heating circuit), and the supply line 22 of the boiler is connected to the unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50), further, we tie-in into the supply riser 28, above the electrical boiler 29.

a) When we use the main boiler in the basement 22, the heating system functions in the same way as in the option of the FIG. 3A, the boiler is only more loaded for the whole building with four floors as compared to the option, when the boiler 22 was installed on the first floor. b) If the electricity is switched off, the heating will continue working and heating four floors, the circulation is effected due to the physical process, if the energy-independent boiler 22 is installed. c) We can heat in the same way as in the option FIG. 3B: to heat with the boiler 29, which is installed on the first floor: we switch off the main boiler 22, switch off the unit 25, and the boiler 29 will be switched on; the main job of the boiler 29 will cover three upper floors, and the basement heating system will work vice versa as compared with the option, when we use the main boiler 22: the heat carrying medium from the riser 28 through the unit 25 through the boiler 22 (the boiler is well heat-insulated to prevent heat emission) to the basement manifold 23, further through the radiators 9 and 10 to the return manifold 12 and to the boiler 29. In such option, the circulation in the basement is not so fast, but enough to heat the basement in the winter period with minimum fuel consumption. d) We can switch on both boilers 22 and 29, if the building shall be quickly heated.

In all three options, we have two separate independent heating systems: separate operation for three floors and separate operation of the basement.

The proposed heating system has large modes and good efficiency.

For the two- and three-storied buildings, the unit 25 can be removed from the circuit, but it is recommended to be used in the four-storied buildings.

In case of electricity failure the heating system continues working: switching is automatic as we use the unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50.

The second and third floors operate completely due to the physical process.

Circulation is so fast that it does not require any pumps.

It does not matter what expansion tank is used, as it does not have any impact upon operation of the heating system; its function is to compensate in case of fluid expansion and to let the air out of the system. And if we use the state-of-the-art type, which allows keeping the heating system under pressure, then the automatic bleed valve shall be installed on the uppermost radiator and another advantage is that the radiators on the third floor can function as the expansion tank—if there is no more fluid, the upper floor will not operate, and the heating system in the whole building will function. As we see, the water (heat carrying medium) in the mounted system can be simply filled in.

Heated Floor Connection

As all buildings differ in terms of design, there are a lot of options to connect the heated floor, but for the proposed new heating system, the western technology connection circuits for the heated floor cannot be used, in their case it is really simple: a separate circuit runs from the boiler to the heated floor unit and nothing else matters as both the heating system and the heated floor operate with the pump.

Things are much more complicated in our case—we shall try to make the heated floor without any pump at all, moreover, we shall make efforts to make the floor heated and to prevent any interference on its part with the heating system with the energy-independent mode, and we shall make the operating heated floor assist in increasing circulation of the complete heating system, but at the same time in case of electricity failure, the heating system shall continue working and shall not require any mechanical actions, as in this period of time, we may be out and can do without the heated floor.

As all buildings differ in terms of design and there are no identical buildings, but there are similar ones, we suggest 15 options of connecting the heated floor in the buildings with two, three and four floors:

FIG. 4A. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for two floors to the return manifold 12 on the first floor—using the energy-independent mode of the heated floor circulation due to the return manifold 12 laid in the correct way with the added fanned pipes 30 that form the heated floor: the pipes are tied-in fanwise into the return manifold 12 and then connected again to the same manifold, even with a slight slope to let air out in the direction of the water flow start—and we receive the circuit of the heated floor 30.

The return manifold 12 is made in the usual way, without reductions, with the same pipe diameter—and just parallel to the manifold 12, straight small diameter pipes are tied-in, provided the return manifold 12 is not so far from the desired heated floor. The drawing FIG. 4A shows the unit 25 (UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50), which can provide both the forced circulation and operation under the energy-independent mode automatically. The connected unit 25 extends the capabilities of the heated floor, and if we switch off the unit 25, the complete heating system will work in the energy-independent mode; we can eliminate the unit 25 from the circuit and the heating system will perfectly function, as well as the heated floor.

FIG. 4B. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for two floors.

We install the heated floor unit 34, which operated forced within its closed loop circuit, and namely, with the pump—on the first floor, it is fed from the return manifold 12, the supply and return lines of the heated floor unit are tied-in into the same pipe—into the return manifold 12, located horizontally on the first floor, the heated floor unit 34, without any in series connections, and at any convenient point we connect the supply line at the distance of 10-20 cm from the return line (minimum possible distance). With such connection, we shall mandatory connect two heated floor units 34 for the purpose of balancing and also it is important that the water stream coming out of the unit 34, as the heated floor operates with the pump, enters the return manifold 12 and involves the mass of water from the heating system, thus increasing circulation in the whole heating system. For this purpose, we shall supply the water stream from the heated floor unit 34 in a guided way, to tie-in the return line of the unit 34 into the manifolds 12 at the 45° angle. If we tie-in at the 90° angle, then we will have eddy currents and retarding moment. As under the natural conditions, if the installation is performed using the polypropylene pipes, there are no 45 degree T-connectors available and that's a pity because as the fluid flows in the pipes, the dynamic and hydraulic resistance reduces. The way out is found—we take the polypropylene filter, remove the interior and here is the T-connector.

We can eliminate the unit 25 from the circuit or switch it off and the pump on the heated floor unit 34 will remain switched on—the heating system will work perfectly and the heated floor, which operates in its closed loop circuit with the pump, will contribute to the circulation in the complete heating system. In case of electricity failure, the heating system will operate and the heated floor will not.

FIG. 4C. In this option, we connect one heated floor unit 34. Connection of the heated floor unit 34 is performed in the same way as described in the FIG. 4B—but in this option, it is allowed to connect one heated floor unit, instead of two, as was required before, because it is not always convenient to connect and sometimes there is no possibility and no need to connect two heated floor units 34. The heating system always has a minimum of two “return manifolds”, and further, they join into one pipe, which we call the “return collecting manifold” and connect to the boiler.

Into the “return collecting manifold” 35, we tie-in the heated floor unit 34 in the same way as the connection of the heated floor unit as described in FIG. 4B.

FIG. 5A. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for three floors to the return manifold 12 on the first floor using the energy-independent mode of circulation for the heated floor circuit 30. In this option, the heated floor is connected in the same way as described in the option of FIG. 4A. The same things—the heated floor is on the first floor as well. We only add the third floor. We can include the unit 25 in the circuit.

FIG. 5B. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for three floors to the headers of the heated floor 31 on the first floor. In order to increase the delivery pressure upon the heated floor, we use the used water from the third floor: into the return pipe, we tie-in from the third floor 20, not as previously into the same supply manifold 11, but into the return line 20 from the third floor—is run down and connected with the headers 31, then we tie-in the headers into the return manifold 12 on the first floor. The header is made as a straight pipe of small diameter to the direction of the water flow start, i.e. to the tie-in of the pipe 20 coming down from the third floor in order to let the air out of the header.

We can use such connection of the heated floor in the energy-independent mode, eliminating the unit 25 from the circuit or can install it and switch off.

FIG. 5C. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for three floors. The heated floor unit 32, which operates forced in its closed loop circuit, and namely, with the pump, is installed on the first floor and fed from the return riser 20, coming down from the third floor. In order to increase the delivery pressure upon the heated floor, we use the used water from the third floor: we run down from the third floor the return riser 20 using the straight one-piece pipe and tie-in into the return manifold 12 on the first floor, where we tie-in the heated floor unit 32, without in series connections: the supply and return of the unit 32 are tied-in on the first floor into the return riser 20 coming down from the third floor. The unit 32, through the heated floor circuit 33, performs circulation of the fluid in its closed loop circuit with the forced circulation.

We can connect the unit 25 or eliminate it from the circuit—the heating system can work in the energy-independent mode and the heated floor operates in its closed loop circuit. In case of electricity failure, the heating system will operate and the heated floor will not.

FIG. 5D. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for three floors. The heated floor unit 34 is installed on the first floor, fed from the return manifold 12: the supply and return of the heated floor are tied-in into the same pipe—into the return manifold 12, located horizontally on the first floor. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the option of FIG. 4B. Things are the same—the heated floor unit 34 is connected to the return manifold 12 on the first floor. Only the third floor is added.

FIG. 6A. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors to the basement manifold 23 in the basement—using the energy-independent mode of the heated floor circulation due to the basement manifold 23 laid in the correct way with the added fanned pipes 30 that form the heated floor. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the options of FIG. 4A and FIG. 5A. Things are the same—only the heated floor circuit 30 is connected to the basement manifold 23, this means in the basement and one more floor is added. We can connect the heated floor circuit 30 both in the basement and/or on the first floor.

FIG. 6B. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors to the return manifold 12 on the first floor—using the energy-independent mode of the heated floor circulation due to the return manifold 12 laid in the correct way with the added fanned pipes 30 that form the heated floor. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the options of FIG. 4A, FIG. 5A and FIG. 6A. Things are the same—only the heated floor circuit 30 is connected to the return manifold 12 on the first floor and one more floor is added. We can connect the heated floor circuit 30 both in the basement and/or on the first floor.

FIG. 6C. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors to the headers of the heated floor 31 in the basement. In order to increase the delivery pressure upon the heated floor, we use the used water from the third floor: we tie-in the return pipe from the third floor 20, not as previously into the same supply manifold 11, but the return line 20 from the third floor—is run down and connected with the header 31, located in the basement, then we tie-in the header into the basement manifold 23. The header is made as a straight pipe of small diameter to the direction of the water flow start, i.e. to the tie-in of the pipe 20 coming down from the third floor in order to let the air out of the header. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the option of FIG. 5B. Things are the same—only the heated floor header 31 is connected in the basement. The heated floor header 31 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and with such connection of the heated floor, the heated floor can operate in the energy-independent mode.

FIG. 6D. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors to the headers of the heated floor 31 on the first floor. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the option of FIG. 5B and FIG. 6C. Things are the same—only the heated floor headers 31 are connected on the first floor. The heated floor headers 31 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and with such connection of the heated floor, the heated floor can operate in the energy-independent mode.

FIG. 6E. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors. The return riser 20, coming down from the third floor, is tied-in on the first floor into the return manifold 12, where we tie-in, without connections in series, the heated floor unit 32.

In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the option of FIG. 5C. Things are the same—the heated floor unit 32 is tied-in into the return riser 20 on the first floor, coming down from the third floor—only the basement floor is added. The heated floor unit 32 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and the heated floor circuit 33 can be arranged anywhere—on any floor.

FIG. 6F. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors. The return riser 20, coming down from the third floor, is tied-in into the basement manifold 23, where we tie-in without connections in series the heated floor unit 32. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the option of FIG. 5C and FIG. 6E. Things are the same—only the heated floor unit 32 is connected in the basement to the return riser 20, coming down from the third floor and tied-in into the basement manifold 23 and the basement floor is added. The heated floor unit 32 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and the heated floor circuit 33 can be arranged anywhere—on any floor.

FIG. 6G. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors. The heated floor unit 34 on the first floor is fed from the return manifold 12 located on the first floor: the supply and return of the heated floor are tied-in into the same pipe—into the return manifold 12, located horizontally on the first floor. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the variant of FIG. 4

, FIG. 5

.

Things are the same—the heated floor unit 34 is connected to the return manifold 12 on the first floor as well. Only the third floor and the basement are added. The heated floor unit 34 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and the heated floor circuit 33 can be arranged anywhere—on any floor.

FIG. 6H. We connect the heated floor to the heating system for four floors. The heated floor unit 34 in the basement is fed from the basement manifold 23: the supply and return of the heated floor are tied-in into the same pipe—into the basement manifold 23, located horizontally in the basement. In this option, the connection of the heated floor is the same as described in the variant of FIG. 4B, FIG. 5D and FIG. 6G. Things are the same—only the heated floor unit 34 is connected not on the first floor but in the basement and is tied-in into the basement manifold 23 and the third floor and basement are added.

The heated floor unit 34 can be connected both in the basement and/or on the first floor and the heated floor circuit 33 can be arranged anywhere—on any floor. 

1. The heating system for two, three and four floors, involving the connection of the heated floor, with an energy-independent mode using multi-layered streams of water to achieve circulation consisting of: the boiler, which is installed on the first floor and/or in the basement and/or two boilers on the same floor, connected through the supply riser 28, where the unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50 is tied-in into, with the supply manifold 11—located: above the floor or concealed in the floor of the second floor, further the supply manifold 11 is loopback connected with the riser 13, with the return manifold 12—such independent loopbacks with their own manifolds can amount, at least, to two and more, but they shall be balanced in the physical resistance—achieved through the reduction of the manifold pipe diameters as compared to the supply riser 28: the diameter of the supply manifold 11 and return manifold 12 depends on the level of load with the physical resistance of this loopback; the extension tank; the circulation pump in the basement 24; risers and heating instruments: on the first floor the radiator 2 is tied-in through the ball valves into the outermost riser 13 without in series connections with the riser, which loopback connects the supply manifold 11 with the return manifold 12, the radiators 3 are connected through the ball valves to the risers 14 without in series connections with the riser, which also loopback connect the supply manifold 11 with the return manifold 12, the radiator 4, located near the boiler, is connected through the ball valves in series with the riser 15 so that they generate the resistance to the flow, in physical resistance and additionally, in order to generate resistance: we make the diameter of the risers 14 and 15 less as compared to the outermost riser 13 with the purpose to increase the delivery pressure, that allows the hot flow to reach the terminal radiator 2, as the radiators 1 and 5 on the second floor and radiators 6, 7 and 8 on the third floor are located higher than the supply manifold 11, and as in the manifolds and in pipes, in general, there two main streams that appear: the hot layer, which is constantly aiming upwards and the colder layer, which flows down, if possible—we use the possibilities of the water multi-layer streams flow, two main streams appear in the manifolds, according to the laws of the heating engineering, we have the supply and return, due to the physical process the circulation is effected on the second and third floors: the radiators 1 on the second floor are tied-in through the ball valves mainly from above: the supply and return pipe of the radiator to the supply manifold 11, the radiators 5 on the second floor, provided they are located to the side of the supply manifold 11, are connected from one side to the radiator through the ball valves: the supply pipe of the radiator 17, from the return pipe 18 and we tie-in mainly from above in 5-10 cm, this means close, into the supply manifold 11, further we tie-in into the supply manifold 11 the pipes 19 and run to the third floor without in series connections, with the same diameter, they are mounted above the floor or concealed into the floor of the third floor and further come down and are tied-in into the same supply manifold 11, located on the second floor with the pipe 20, depending on the building planning, it is possible to tie-in at the distance of 5-10 cm from each other or more—this means the supply pipe 19 from the return pipe 20, and such separate independent loopbacks on the third floor can amount to 1 or 4, where the radiators 6, 7 and 8 are tied-in, the radiators 6 and 8, located on the third floor, are installed similarly to connection of the radiators 1, and the radiator 7 is installed similarly to the connection of the radiator 5, as the water in pipes flows in layers—the colder water as compared to the hotter water has the higher specific gravity—through the riser 13, 14 and 15, which feed the radiators 2, 3 and 4, the cold streams are moved to the boiler from the radiators 1 and 5 of the second floor and from the radiators 6, 7 and 8 of the third floor—thus, the circulation is increased, which increases an inflow of the hot water from the boiler to the supply manifold 11; at the same time we tie-in the risers 26, 27 into the return manifold, run down into the basement or semi-basement, loopback connect with the terminal risers in the basement 26: the return manifold 12 with the basement manifold 23, to which we connect the radiators 9 through the ball valves, without in series connections—in the same way as we connected the radiators 2 and 3, and to the risers 27, which are near the boiler, we connect in series with the riser the radiators 10 through the ball valves, similarly to the connection of the radiators 4, the diameter of the risers 26 and 27 is similar to that of the risers 14 and 15 on the first floor, we design as follows—the closer the radiator to the boiler, the higher physical resistance shall be generated, to build up the delivery pressure, further we tie-in the circulation pump 24 into the basement manifold and the supply of the circulation pump is tied-in into the supply riser 28—higher than the unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50—to move the used water from the basement manifold 23 to the supply manifolds 11: the colder water gets into the lower layer of the supply manifold 11 and through the risers 13, 14 and 15, further through the return manifold 12, gets into the main boiler, installed on the first floor 22, or parallel to the main boiler 22 on the first floor, we install the electrical boiler 29 and tie-in as follows: the boiler return to the return manifold 12, the boiler supply is tied-in above the unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50 into the supply riser 28, or we leave the electrical boiler 29 in its original place, i.e. on the first floor, and put the main boiler 22 and the unit 25 UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50 one floor lower, i.e. to the basement—to the place of the circulation pump 24, we remove the pump, connect the return of the main boiler 22 with the basement manifold 23—to the place, where the pump 24 was tied-in—the supply pipe from the main boiler 22 through the unit 25 is tied-in into the supply riser 28 on the first floor, higher than the electrical boiler 29, and as we have in result two independent heating systems, it does not matter where the main boiler 22 is installed: the upper part of the building with three floors and independent basement operation—thus, we have large possibilities for various heating system operation modes: if we switch off the circulation pump in the basement 24 in order to save fuel, and the main boiler 22 and unit 25 will stay switched on—in the option considered, provided the boilers are installed on the first floor and/or only one electrical boiler 29 is switched on, the heating system will operate in the entire building and in the basement as well, but in the basement more slowly, only water flow with the switched off circulation pump 24 in the basement will be effected vice versa: from the tie-in of the supply riser 28, through the circulation pump 24, to the basement manifold 23 and further through the radiator 9 and 10 to the return manifold 12, and further to the main boiler 22 and/or to the electrical boiler 29, and if we switch on the circulation pump 24 and switch off the unit 25, the main boiler 22 will operate in the energy-independent mode—circulation in the building will be effected due to the water physical process and in the forced manner in the basement, and additionally the pump 24 will contribute to the circulation in the entire building, the only condition is that the pump in the basement 24 shall not be of too high capacity or we use the main boiler 22 in the daytime, and at night, we can switch on the electrical boiler 29, or switch the heating system to the stand-by mode, when the owners are out and to switch off the main boiler 22, unit 25 and circulation pump 24, while the electrical boiler 29 will be switched on, the main work of the boiler will be for the three upper floors, and if the main boiler 22 is installed in the basement—the boiler is more loaded for the whole building with four floors, or we will switch off the main boiler 22 installed in the basement and the unit 25 and switch on the electrical boiler 29 on the first floor, then the water flow in the basement will be effected vice versa: from the tie-in of the supply riser 28 through the unit 25 to the main boiler 22, further to the basement manifold 23, through the radiators 9 and 10 to the return manifold 12 and to the electrical boiler 29; when connecting the heated floor, we can use the energy-independent mode for the heated floor circulation: parallel to the return manifold 12 and/or the basement manifold 23, where we want to make the heated floor the pipes 30 are laid—straight, with small slope to let the air out—both ends are tied-in into the return manifold on the first floor 12 and/or into the basement manifold 23, or in order to increase the delivery pressure on the heated floor, we use the used water from the third floor: we tie-in the return pipe from the third floor 20, not as previously,—into the same supply manifold 11, but we run down the return riser 20 from the third floor and connect to the header 31 installed on the first floor and/or connect to the header 31 in the basement, and we connect the header return to the return manifold 12 on the first floor and/or to the basement manifold 23, we lay the header 31 straight, with slight slope in order to let the air out, in the direction opposite to the heat carrier flow or run down from the third floor the return pipe 20 and tie-in into the return manifold 12 on the first floor and/or tie-in one floor lower into the basement manifold 23, into the pipe coming down from the third floor 20 we tie-in without in series connection: the supply and return of the heated floor unit 32, which operates in its closed loop circuit in the forced manner on the first floor and/or in the basement, as all buildings differ in terms of design, we can connect the heated floor in the other way: we tie-in into the return manifold 12, which is located horizontally on the first floor, the heated floor unit 31, which operates forced in its closed loop circuit, we tie-in without in series connections, where we find it convenient—the supply line of the unit is tied-in at the distance of, at least, 15-20 cm or similar, to the return line—and we tie-in into the basement manifold 23, located in the basement, the heated floor unit 34, with such connection we shall mandatory connect two heated floor units for balancing and/or connect one heated floor unit—but it is tied-in in the same way into the return collecting manifold 35, which connects the boiler with the return manifolds, and what is important is that the water stream leaving the unit 34, as the heated floor operates with the circulation pump, the water stream enters the return manifold 12 and/or the basement manifold 23 and involves the mass of water from the whole heating system, thus increasing the circulation in the entire building, and for this purpose, we shall supply the water stream from the heated floor unit 34 to the return manifold 12 or the basement manifold 23—in a guided way, to tie-in the return of the unit 34 into the return manifold 12 and/or the basement manifold 23 with the 45° angle; we use the physical process of water, where in the same pipe there are a lot of layers with various specific gravity flow—it is important to realize what the physical resistance is: the radiator 2 and 3 are tied-in into the risers, which loopback connect the supply manifold 11 with the return manifold 12, without connections in series with the riser: the hottest water coming from above, will flow through the radiator and the colder water will flow along the riser into the boiler—the resistance will be low, this will increase the circulation or we tie-in the radiator 8 in series with the riser 15, as the radiator contains the large amount of water and through constant heat emission, the heat carrier in the radiator cools down and the layers in the radiator are constantly changing: the hotter water fills the top part of the radiator and some pressure shall be applied to push the colder water from the radiator into the boiler, and this generates high resistance for the circulation, or we tie-in the radiator diagonally into the riser or the radiator return into the return manifold diagonally—this will cause several-fold higher physical resistance as many layers flow in the manifold—cold streams may partially or completely press the circulations.
 2. The heating system under the Cl. 1 differs through the fact that the supply riser 28 coming from the main boiler 22 is additionally equipped with the unit UNK-1-40, UNK-1-50, which can provide both forced circulation and the energy-independent mode—automatically. 